[177], Tennessee's eastern boundary roughly follows the highest crests of the Blue Ridge Mountains, and the Mississippi River forms its western boundary. The state's oldest rocks are igneous strata more than 1 billion years old found in the Blue Ridge Mountains,[189][190] and the youngest deposits in Tennessee are sands and silts in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain and river valleys that drain into the Mississippi River. A new state park that traces the state's history, Bicentennial Mall, was opened at the foot of Capitol Hill in Nashville. [382][200] I-40's branch interstates include I-240 in Memphis; I-440 in Nashville; I-840 around Nashville; I-140 from Knoxville to Maryville; and I-640 in Knoxville. [202] The Cumberland Mountains, with peaks above 3,500 feet (1,100m), comprise the northeastern part of the Appalachian Plateau in Tennessee, and the southeastern part of the Cumberland Plateau is divided by the Sequatchie Valley. [365], In 2014, the Tennessee General Assembly created the Tennessee Promise, which allows in-state high school graduates to enroll in two-year post-secondary education programs such as associate degrees and certificates at community colleges and trade schools in Tennessee tuition-free, funded by the state lottery, if they meet certain requirements. [4] In 2019, the state reported a total employment of 2,724,545 and a total number of 139,760 employer establishments. [180] Due to flooding of the Mississippi that has changed its path, the state's western boundary deviates from the river in some places. [217] The Mississippi River drains nearly all of West Tennessee. [339] The NPS also operates Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area, Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail, Trail of Tears National Historic Trail, Andrew Johnson National Historic Site, and the Manhattan Project National Historical Park. This was aided in part by massive federal investment in the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and the city of Oak Ridge, which was established during World War II to house the Manhattan Project's uranium enrichment facilities for the construction of the world's first atomic bombs. [269][270], Since colonization, Tennessee has always been predominantly Christian. [52] The next year, after an unsuccessful petition to Virginia, North Carolina agreed to annex the Washington District to provide protection from Native American attacks. [249] Clarksville is a significant population center, with about 170,000 residents. [459] Tennessee State plays football in Division I's second level, the Football Championship Subdivision, while Belmont and Lipscomb do not have football teams. Senator from Tennessee, failed to carry his home state, an unusual occurrence but indicative of strengthening Republican support. [340] Tennessee is home to eight National Scenic Byways, including the Natchez Trace Parkway, the East Tennessee Crossing Byway, the Great River Road, the Norris Freeway, Cumberland National Scenic Byway, Sequatchie Valley Scenic Byway, The Trace, and the Cherohala Skyway. [359], The state enrolls approximately 1 million K12 students in 137 districts. Cumulative Estimates of the Components of Resident Population Change for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2017 (NST-EST2017-04)", "Population and Population Centers by State: 2000", "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data, Tennessee", "Welcome to the Volunteer State! [100] In the fall of 1861, Unionist guerrillas in East Tennessee burned bridges and attacked Confederate sympathizers, leading the Confederacy to invoke martial law in parts of the region. Because Memphis International Airport is the hub of FedEx Corporation, it is the world's busiest cargo airport. [380], Interstate 40 (I-40) is the longest Interstate Highway in Tennessee, traversing the state for 455 miles (732km). Culturally, most of the state is considered part of the Upland South, and the eastern third is part of Appalachia. WebThe University of Tennessee is comprised of the statewide Institute of Agriculture and Institute for Public Service Institute of Agriculture The UT Institute of Agriculture delivers real life solutions through $54.5 million in research, educational outreach to 3.3 million people and veterinary services to more than 21,000 animals annually. [54] Later that year, Daniel Boone, under Henderson's employment, blazed a trail from Fort Chiswell in Virginia through the Cumberland Gap, which became part of the Wilderness Road, a major thoroughfare into Tennessee and Kentucky. [400] No more than two justices can be from the same Grand Division. WebIn Tennessee, there are 4 comfortable months with high temperatures in the range of 70-85. [232] Middle Tennessee is home to many unusual and rare ecosystems known as cedar glades, which occur in areas with shallow limestone bedrock that is largely barren of overlying soil and contain many endemic plant species. [287] Local sales taxes are collected in most jurisdictions at rates varying from 1.5% to 2.75%, bringing the total sales tax between 8.5% and 9.75%. [251] Knoxville, with about 190,000 inhabitants, and Chattanooga, with about 180,000 residents, are the third- and fourth-largest cities, respectively. [155] Between February and May 1960, a series of sit-ins at segregated lunch counters in Nashville organized by the Nashville Student Movement resulted in the desegregation of facilities in the city. [377][378], Tennessee has 96,167 miles (154,766km) of roads, of which 14,109 miles (22,706km) are maintained by the state. km, the State of Tennessee is located in the South-Eastern region of the United States. [291][290] Soybeans and corn are the state's first and second-most common crops, respectively,[16] and are most heavily grown in West and Middle Tennessee, especially the northwestern corner of the state. [144] In 1926, Congress authorized the establishment of a national park in the Great Smoky Mountains, which was officially established in 1934 and dedicated in 1940. [106] The next summer, Rosecrans's Tullahoma campaign forced Bragg's remaining troops in Middle Tennessee to retreat to Chattanooga with little fighting. [85] In 1838 and 1839, U.S. troops forcibly removed thousands of Cherokees and their black slaves from their homes in southeastern Tennessee and forced them to march to Indian Territory in modern-day Oklahoma. The first of the bombs was detonated in Los Alamos, New Mexico, in a test code-named Trinity, and the second, nicknamed "Little Boy", was dropped on Imperial Japan at the end of World War II. [391], The Constitution of Tennessee was adopted in 1870. [350], The Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT) is the primary agency that is tasked with regulating and maintaining Tennessee's transportation infrastructure. Motivation is the No. [96], After Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860, secessionists in the state government led by Governor Isham Harris sought voter approval to sever ties with the United States, which was rejected in a referendum by a 5446% margin in February 1861. [88] Cotton planters used extensive slave labor on large plantation complexes in West Tennessee's fertile and flat terrain after the Jackson Purchase. [71] In June 1795, the legislature conducted a census of the territory, which recorded a population of 77,263, including 10,613 slaves, and a poll that showed 6,504 in favor of statehood and 2,562 opposed. I-24 is an eastwest interstate that enters the state in Clarksville, passes through Nashville, and terminates in Chattanooga. [259] The foreign-born population consisted of approximately 49.9% from Latin America, 27.1% from Asia, 11.9% from Europe, 7.7% from Africa, 2.7% from Northern America, and 0.6% from Oceania. A local activist group spent many years contesting the project, and in 1971, the U.S. Supreme Court sided with the group and established the framework for judicial review of government agencies in the landmark case of Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. [165] Also known as the Knoxville International Energy Exposition, the fair's theme was "Energy Turns the World". The executive branch is led by the governor, who holds office for a four-year term and may serve a maximum of two consecutive terms. [375] The Grand Ole Opry, based in Nashville, is the longest-running radio show in the country, having broadcast continuously since 1925. [127] Memphis became known as the "Cotton Capital of the World" during the late 19th century, and Nashville, Knoxville, and several smaller cities saw modest industrialization. Covering an area of 109,247 sq. [181] The northern border was originally defined as 3630 north latitude and the Royal Colonial Boundary of 1665, but due to faulty surveys, begins north of this line in the east, and to the west, gradually veers north before shifting south onto the actual 3630 parallel at the Tennessee River in West Tennessee. [317] Nuclear power is Tennessee's largest source of electricity generation, producing about 43.4% of its power in 2021. [206] The Nashville Basin has rich, fertile farmland,[207] and porous limestone bedrock very close to the surface underlies both the Nashville Basin and Eastern Highland Rim. [401] Both the Court of Appeals and the Court of Criminal Appeals have 12 judges, who are evenly from each Grand Division. [119], The years after the Civil War were characterized by tension and unrest between blacks and former Confederates, the worst of which occurred in Memphis in 1866. Tennessee is under the jurisdiction of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, which has jurisdiction over three district courts in the state: the Eastern, Middle, and Western districts. [99] In response, East Tennessee Unionists organized a convention in Knoxville with the goal of splitting the region to form a new state loyal to the Union. [19][20][21] The modern spelling, Tennessee, is attributed to Governor James Glen of South Carolina, who used this spelling in his official correspondence during the 1750s. [357] The state Board of Education has 11 members: one from each Congressional district, a student member, and the executive director of the Tennessee Higher Education Commission (THEC), who serves as ex-officio nonvoting member. [412], Tennessee's politics are currently dominated by the Republican Party. [289], Tennessee has the eighth-most farms in the nation, which cover more than 40% of its land area and have an average size of about 155 acres (0.63km2). Four of these are Minor League Baseball clubs. With the help of Northern investors, Chattanooga became one of the first industrialized cities in the South. Tennessee has diverse terrain and landforms, and from east to west, contains a mix of cultural features characteristic of Appalachia, the Upland South, and the Deep South. [394] The governor is the only official elected statewide. WebIn Tennessee, there are 4 comfortable months with high temperatures in the range of 70-85. WebPaleo-Indians are believed to have hunted and camped in what is now Tennessee as early as 12,000 years ago. [142] Scopes was prosecuted by former Secretary of State and presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan and defended by attorney Clarence Darrow. WebMap of the United States with Tennessee highlighted Country United States Before statehood Southwest Territory Admitted to the Union June 1, 1796; 226 years ago (June 1, 1796)(16th) Capital (and largest city) Nashville[2] Largest metroand urbanareas Nashville Government Governor Bill Lee(R) Lieutenant Governor Randy McNally(R) Legislature [286], The state's sales and use tax rate for most items is 7%, the second-highest in the nation, along with Mississippi, Rhode Island, New Jersey, and Indiana. Local courts include general sessions, juvenile and domestic, and municipal courts. [367], Tennessee has 107 private institutions. [139] On July 9, 1918, Tennessee suffered the worst rail accident in U.S. history when two passenger trains collided head on in Nashville, killing 101 and injuring 171. The Bulldogs jumped out to a fast start and were clearly motivated after getting shell-shocked by Tennessee a few games ago. The first has been in Republican hands continuously since 1881, and Republicans or their antecedents have held it for all but four years since 1859. [46] After the French and Indian War, Britain issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which forbade settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains in an effort to mitigate conflicts with the Natives. The most pleasant months of the year for Tennessee are May, September and October. [115][116] Tennessee ratified the Thirteenth Amendment, which outlawed slavery in every state, on April 7, 1865,[117] and the Fourteenth Amendment, which granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to former slaves, on July 18, 1866. [415][416] Republicans currently hold the state's U.S. Senate seats, 7 out of 9 Congressional seats, 73 out of 99 state House seats, and 27 out of 33 state Senate seats. [373] Tennessee has 43 full-power and 41 low-power television stations[374] and more than 450 Federal Communications Commission (FCC)-licensed radio stations. [393] The capital was relocated to Nashville in 1812, where it remained until it was relocated back to Knoxville in 1817. [323][324] The Copper Basin, in Tennessee's southeastern corner in Polk County, was one of the nation's most productive copper mining districts between the 1840s and 1980s, and supplied about 90% of the copper the Confederacy used during the Civil War. [402] Under the Tennessee Plan, the governor appoints justices on all three courts to eight-year terms; they must be retained by the voters during the first general election after appointment and at the end of their term. The central part of the state is marked by cavernous bedrock and irregular rolling hills, and level, fertile plains define West Tennessee. The University of Tennessee is comprised of the statewide Institute of Agriculture and Institute for Public Service Institute of Agriculture The UT Institute of Agriculture delivers real life solutions through $54.5 million in research, educational outreach to 3.3 million people and veterinary services to more than 21,000 animals annually. [89] Cotton also took hold in the Nashville Basin during this time. [285] Property taxes are the primary source of revenue for local governments. The University of Tennessee system operates four primary campuses in Knoxville, Chattanooga, Martin, and Pulaski; a Health Sciences Center in Memphis; and an aerospace research facility in Tullahoma. [306][307] The state is also one of the top producers of food and drink products, its second-largest manufacturing sector. The Bulldogs jumped out to a fast start and were clearly motivated after getting shell-shocked by Tennessee a few games ago. [437][438] In 2007, Ron Ramsey became the first Republican Speaker of the State Senate since Reconstruction,[439] and the following year the Republicans gained control of both houses of the state legislature for the first time since Reconstruction. Tennessee has no tolled roads or bridges but has the sixth-highest mileage of high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes, which are utilized on freeways in the congestion-prone Nashville and Memphis metropolitan areas. Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry. [127] But most of Tennessee's industrial growth began with the federal investments in the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and the Manhattan Project in the 1930s and 1940s. [267] In 2010, the five most common self-reported ethnic groups in the state were American (26.5%), English (8.2%), Irish (6.6%), German (5.5%), and Scotch-Irish (2.7%). [349][350] Notable authors with ties to Tennessee include Cormac McCarthy, Peter Taylor, James Agee, Francis Hodgson Burnett, Thomas S. Stribling, Ida B. [219], About half the state's land area is in the Tennessee Valley drainage basin of the Tennessee River. [279] In 2020, the state's per capita personal income was $30,869. [271], Tennessee is included in most definitions of the Bible Belt, and is ranked as one of the nation's most religious states. [187] Its lowest point, 178 feet (54m), is on the Mississippi River at the Mississippi state line in Memphis. [379] Of the state's highways, 1,233 miles (1,984km) are part of the Interstate Highway System. [183] An 1818 survey erroneously placed Tennessee's southern border 1 mile (1.6km) south of the 35th parallel; Georgia legislators continue to dispute this placement, as it prevents Georgia from accessing the Tennessee River. Separate criminal courts serve 13 of the 31 judicial districts; circuit courts handle criminal cases in the remaining districts. To pay off debts and alleviate overcrowded prisons, the state turned to convict leasing, providing prisoners to mining companies as strikebreakers, which was protested by miners forced to compete with the system. [240] The state annually averages about 50 days of thunderstorms, which can be severe with large hail and damaging winds. The current governor is Bill Lee, a Republican. The first was adopted in 1796, the year Tennessee was admitted to the union, and the second in 1834. [422] The second has been held continuously by Republicans or their antecedents since 1855. It earned the nickname "The Volunteer State" early in its history due to a strong tradition of military service. [55] The Chickamauga, a Cherokee faction loyal to the British led by Dragging Canoe, opposed the settling of the Washington District and Transylvania Colony, and in 1776 attacked Fort Watauga at Sycamore Shoals. Along with projectile points common for this period, archaeologists in Williamson County have uncovered a 12,000-year-old mastodon skeleton with cut marks typical of prehistoric hunters.. Memphis 901 FC has played in the second-tier USL Championship since 2019. [64] Efforts to obtain admission to the Union failed, and the counties, now numbering eight, rejoined North Carolina by 1788. [361] According to the most recent data, Tennessee spends $9,544 per student, the 8th lowest in the nation. [325][326][327] Mining activities in the basin resulted in a major environmental disaster, which left the surrounding landscape barren for more than a century. About 14% of Tennesseans are non-religious, with 11% identifying as "Nothing in particular", 3% as agnostics, and 1% as atheists. [392], Like the federal government, Tennessee's government has three branches. [242] They can be severe, and the state leads the nation in the percentage of total tornadoes that have fatalities. [294], The state ranks fourth nationwide in the production of tobacco, which is predominantly grown in the Ridge-and-Valley region of East Tennessee. [425], Between the end of Reconstruction and the mid-20th century, Tennessee voted consistently Democratic in Presidential elections, except in two nationwide Republican landslides in the 1920s. WebTennessee Back to Help Center BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee General Inquiries 1-423-535-5600 BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee 1 Cameron Hill Circle Chattanooga, TN 37402 www.bcbst.com Customer Service 1-423-535-5707 1-800-572-1003 Weekdays from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. Eastern time Precertification 1-800-228-2096 km, the State of Tennessee is located in the South-Eastern region of the United States. [366] The program has also received national attention, with multiple states having since created similar programs modeled on the Tennessee Promise. [271] The largest denominations by number of adherents are the Southern Baptist Convention, the United Methodist Church, the Roman Catholic Church, and the Churches of Christ. [31] Cherokee peoples in Tennessee were known by European settlers as the Overhill Cherokee because they lived west of the Blue Ridge Mountains. [113], When the Emancipation Proclamation was announced, Tennessee was largely held by Union forces and thus not among the states enumerated, so it freed no slaves there. [37][38] That same year, a French expedition led by missionary Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet explored the Mississippi River and became the first Europeans to map the Mississippi Valley. WebGet Your Free 2022 Tennessee Vacation Guide Get the latest on all of the music experiences and attractions across the state. Tre Hargett was elected by the Tennessee General Assembly to serve as Tennessees 37th secretary of state in 2009 and re-elected in 2013, 2017, and 2021. Many consider Memphis's Beale Street the epicenter of the blues, with musicians such as W. C. Handy performing in its clubs as early as 1909. The next year, the capital was moved to Murfreesboro, where it remained until 1826. WebTennessee Back to Help Center BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee General Inquiries 1-423-535-5600 BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee 1 Cameron Hill Circle Chattanooga, TN 37402 www.bcbst.com Customer Service 1-423-535-5707 1-800-572-1003 Weekdays from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. Eastern time Precertification 1-800-228-2096 This event is known as the Trail of Tears, and an estimated 4,000 died along the way. [246] The state has 340 municipalities in total. [39] By the late 17th century, French traders began to explore the Cumberland River valley, and in 1714, under Charles Charleville's command, established French Lick, a fur trading settlement at the present location of Nashville near the Cumberland River. Tennessee, constituent state of the United States of America. 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